美國實務/利用再發證(Reissue)擴大專利範圍以主張侵權?


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前言

專利權人發現第三人上市產品未侵害其專利,故提出再發證(Reissue)獲得擴大的權利範圍,並據以主張侵權。美國專利實務中,該第三人是否可主張信賴保護[1]?本文以法院見解淺談美國實務對上述情境的信賴保護。

 

再發證(Reissue)及中介權(Intervening Right)簡介

美國專利法提供專利權人可因其專利有錯誤而提出再發證。原專利公告二年內,專利權人認為他有權獲得較原專利的範圍大的權利,可提出再發證[2]。再發證所獲得的專利權向後生效,其專利權期限同於原專利期限。

依據美國專利法,再發證並非無限制,其限制例如:不能引入新事項(New Matter)、須與原專利範圍屬於相同概念的發明(Same General Invention)、限制要求(Restriction Requirement)中未選的發明非得提出再發證事由、及原專利申請過程放棄的範圍不得重新取回(Recapture)。

擴大範圍之再發證的權利範圍包括原專利範圍擴大的範圍,美國專利法基於第三人對原專利之信賴保護原則,規範第三人在原專利與再發證公告日之間實施該「擴大的範圍」之行為,具有中介權(Intervening Right)之保護。依據美國專利法第252條第1段[3]及先例見解,中介權抗辯並不適用於再發證與原專利實質相同的請求項[4]。

另依據美國專利法第252條第2段[5]、立法理由[6]及先例見解[7]:中介權包括絕對中介權衡平中介權

絕對中介權(Absolute Intervening Right)

絕對中介權保護的是:再發證前,第三人在美國已製造、販賣之要約、使用或進口落入該「擴大的範圍」的物品,可以繼續在美國使用、販賣之要約、或販賣該物品給他人實施等

依聯邦巡迴上訴法院(CAFC)先例,絕對中介權應限於在再發證前已存在之物品(a specific thing),該物品可能包括庫存品、有效之訂單、用以製造侵害再發證之材料,但不及於販賣之要約。

舉例而言,CAFC於2001年的Shockley案[8]:第252條第2段第一句規範絕對中介權的特定物品(the specific thing)指的是有形的物品(tangible article),此特定物品意謂在再發證前已存在的物品;而同條第2段第2句規範衡平中介權則使用”the thing”,並明白延伸該中介權的保護至「繼續製造」。本案中,被告上海公司被授權在特定條件下販賣系爭產品,但專利權人拒絕授權被告美國公司販賣系爭產品。被告在再發證前以被告美國公司為名對第三人提出報價(10,000個系爭產品),CAFC認為無論該報價是否構成「販賣之要約offer for sale」,由於系爭產品在再發證前尚未被製造(不存在於美國,再發證後才進口至美國),因此,無絕對中介權的適用。再發證後進口系爭產品屬侵權行為。

CAFC於1993年的BIC案[9]:被侵害的請求項都未見於原專利,在再發證前,被告庫存有5,245個系爭產品,且已下訂單購買5,625個系爭產品,法院認為該些10,870個系爭產品應享有絕對中介權。

CAFC於1985年的Seattle Box案[10]:被告企圖迴避設計原專利範圍,並在專利權人再發證前(含當天)收到114個系爭產品的訂單(再發證後製造完成),其庫存的材料還能再製造90個系爭產品(已扣除該114的材料),CAFC認為中介權的補償是用以保護被控侵權者在再發證前已存在的投資,被告在再發證前的庫存足以製造224個系爭產品,其並未侵害原專利,因此,認為地院應將該224個系爭產品從損害賠償中移除。

此外,CAFC指出:是否適用絕對中介權為法院決定的法律議題[11]。

 

衡平中介權(Equitable Intervening Right)

衡平中介權保護的是:基於衡平法則,法院可能提供在再發證前已完成實施的實質準備之第三人,一可繼續實施的程度以平衡該第三人在再發證前的投資。不同於絕對中介權,衡平中介權應及於方法請求項[12]。

關於決定應賦予被控侵權者什麼樣的可實施程度以平衡其於再發證前的投資,法院提出幾個考量因素,例如:CAFC在Seattle Box案件中,肯認被告並未侵害原專利,但侵害再發證專利,因此,CAFC指出有衡平中介權的適用,並指導地院在考量衡平中介權時,可做出以下限制:(1)限制再發證前已存在的系爭產品的使用、(2)允許被告在特定條件下繼續其商業活動,例如限制其數量、型號、或地域、或(3)允許被告無條件地進行商業活動[13]。

CAFC在Shockley案[14]認為:地院有裁量權授予被告較寬的權利,讓被告可以(1)對再發證前已完成的產品,進行繼續製造、使用、販賣之要約及販賣;及(2)對再發證前已完成製造之必須準備者的實施。然而本案中,被告主張其10,000系爭產品應有衡平中介權之適用,但CAFC肯認地院判決:被告有惡意侵權的事實(unclean hands),不應獲得衡平補償,地院拒絕行使其衡平中介權的裁量權。

俄亥俄州北區聯邦地方法院於2011年提出,決定是否給予衡平中介權的考量因素有:(1)再發證前是否已完成實質準備、(2)是否有現存訂單或合約、(3)是否被用來製造侵權品的庫存材料能製造非侵權品及該轉換的成本(含設備)、(4)是否侵權者已獲得足以使其投資回本的獲利[15]。

紐澤西聯邦地院在2014年提出決定衡平中介權的衡平程度的考量因素有:(1)是否侵權者已知該專利存在、(2)是否侵權者有尋求並獲得律師給予關於該專利的建議、(3)是否侵權者意圖迴避設計該專利、(4)侵權者花費於研究及開發該產品的時間與費用、(5)目前侵權品的庫存量、(6)若不能繼續販賣,侵權者將遭受的後果[16]。

衡平中介權的考量因素亦可見於其他聯邦地院判決[17],不再贅述。

雖法院提出衡平中介權的考量因素,但筆者閱讀與中介權有關的多個判決[18](包括本文CAFC之判決),並未見到地院授予被控侵權者衡平中介權之判決,顯見實務上法院不太授予衡平中介權

最後,先例指出:由於是否同意衡平中介權是地院的裁量權,因此,CAFC僅審查地院是否濫用其裁量權[19]。

討論與建議

專利權人在看到競爭對手產品後,發現原專利未能主張侵權,故提出擴大範圍的再發證並據以主張權利,此方式以乎可行,但競爭對手可能提出中介權之抗辯。依據美國實務,絕對中介權很可能僅適用於再發證前已存在美國的有形物品,且很有可能成立。雖絕對中介權未能及於方法請求項,但由於競爭對手是在再發證前的「使用」方法請求項,亦無侵權之虞。

上述情境中,雖然專利權人能提出擴大範圍之再發證並提出告訴,但如同前述,再發證所能擴大之範圍相當受限。依筆者經驗,美國專利商標局對「重新取回」審查相對較嚴,因此,再發證並非是最佳選項。建議:專利申請人應在收到核准通知時,詳細審閱內部證據,並決定是否提出延續案(Continuing Applications)。由於專利公告後是在法院行使權利,因此,前述內部證據之審閱必須著重於依法院先例見解來審閱,並非單單從技術觀點審查是否能獲得更大或其他範圍

本文雖僅介紹再發證的中介權,依美國專利法,單方再審(Ex Parte Reexamination)及多方再審(Inter Partes Reexamination)亦具有中介權,其中介權僅適用於有修改及新的請求項[20]。

在本文情境中,美國實務基於信賴保護原則,提供公眾中介權之抗辯,對於再發證前已完成實施之必須準備者,雖有衡平中介權之適用,但其衡平僅在於補償其投資。此點與台灣專利法有較大差異,台灣專利法對於信賴專利未繳年費而放棄並完成必須準備者,明訂屬專利權效力所不及事項[21]。此外,筆者尚未看到有獲得衡平中介權之判決,此點或許為專利權人考慮提出再發證之有利點之一。

最後,揆諸前述判決,若第三人迴避設計專利,並在再發證前完成實施之實質準備,雖有機會獲得衡平中介權,但亦僅能補償其投資。因此,迴避公告二年內之專利,應一併考量其能以再發證擴大之範圍為宜。

補充說明:雖CAFC見解認為絕對中介權僅適於再發證前存在於美國的物品,然而,加州聯邦中部地院法官Bryson在2013年判決認為絕對中介權應及於方法請求項[22]。

 

參考資料

[1] 第三人基於信賴原專利範圍,於再發證前有實施行為,且該實施行為落入再發證相較於原專利所擴大的範圍,第三人是否有信賴保護原則的適用。

[2] 35 U.S.C. 251(a)- Whenever any patent is, through error, deemed wholly or partly inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective specification or drawing, or by reason of the patentee claiming more or less than he had a right to claim in the patent, the Director shall, on the surrender of such patent and the payment of the fee required by law, reissue the patent for the invention disclosed in the original patent, and in accordance with a new and amended application, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. (d) No reissued patent shall be granted enlarging the scope of the claims of the original patent unless applied for within two years from the grant of the original patent.

[3] 35 U.S.C. 252 ¶1-The surrender of the original patent shall take effect upon the issue of the reissued patent, and every reissued patent shall have the same effect and operation in law, on the trial of actions for causes thereafter arising, as if the same had been originally granted in such amended form, but in so far as the claims of the original and reissued patents are substantially identical, such surrender shall not affect any action then pending nor abate any cause of action then existing, and the reissued patent, to the extent that its claims are substantially identical with the original patent, shall constitute a continuation thereof and have effect continuously from the date of the original patent.

[4] BIC Leisure Products, Inc. v. Windsurfing Intern., Inc., 1 F.3d 1214, 1220 (Fed. Cir. 1993); see also Westvaco Corp. v. International Paper Co., 991 F.2d 735, 742 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

[5] 35 U.S.C. 252 ¶2- A reissued patent shall not abridge or affect the right of any person or that person’s successors in business who, prior to the grant of a reissue, made, purchased, offered to sell, or used within the United States, or imported into the United States, anything patented by the reissued patent, to continue the use of, to offer to sell, or to sell to others to be used, offered for sale, or sold, the specific thing so made, purchased, offered for sale, used, or imported unless the making, using, offering for sale, or selling of such thing infringes a valid claim of the reissued patent which was in the original patent. The court before which such matter is in question may provide for the continued manufacture, use, offer for sale, or sale of the thing made, purchased, offered for sale, used, or imported as specified, or for the manufacture, use, offer for sale, or sale in the United States of which substantial preparation was made before the grant of the reissue, and the court may also provide for the continued practice of any process patented by the reissue that is practiced, or for the practice of which substantial preparation was made, before the grant of the reissue, to the extent and under such terms as the court deems equitable for the protection of investments made or business commenced before the grant of the reissue.

[6] P.J. Federico, Commentary on the New Patent Act, 35 U.S.C.A. 1, 46-47 (1954).

[7] Marine Polymer Technologies, Inc. v. HemCon, Inc., 672 F. 3d 1350, 1361-62 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

[8]“a ‘specific thing’ qualifies for absolute intervening rights only if in existence at the time of reissue” Shockley v. Arcan, Inc., 248 F. 3d 1349, 1359-61 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

[9] BIC Leisure Products v. Windsurfing Intern., 1 F. 3d 1214, 1222 (Fed. Cir. 1993)

[10] Seattle Box Co. v. Indus. Crating & Packing, 731 F. 2d 818, 830 (Fed. Cir. 1984)

[11] Marine Polymer Tech., Inc. v. HemCon, Inc., 659 F.3d 1084, 1091 (Fed. Cir. 2011), vacated on other grounds for en banc reh’g, No. 2010-1548 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 20, 2012) (nonprecedential) (“We think it appropriate to decide the question of absolute intervening rights without remand because it is a pure question of law.“)

[12]“This equitable intervening rights language uses the broader term “the thing” to refer to the subject merchandise… after the 1994 amendments, § 252 continues to distinguish between “specific things” and “things,” between the status of articles subject to absolute or equitable intervening rights.” Shockley v. Arcan, Inc., 248 F. 3d 1349, 1359-61 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

[13] The court may, for example, (1) confine Industrial to the use of those double-concave blocks already in existence, (2) permit Industrial to continue in business under conditions which limit the amount, type, or geographical location of its activities, or (3) permit Industrial to continue in business unconditionally. Seattle Box Co. v. Indus. Crating & Packing, 731 F. 2d 818, 830 (Fed. Cir. 1984)

[14]“a ‘specific thing’ qualifies for absolute intervening rights only if in existence at the time of reissue” Shockley v. Arcan, Inc., 248 F. 3d 1349, 1359-61 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

[15] Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, LLC, v. Haldex Brake Products Corp., 2011 WL 55969, *1– (N.D. Ohio 2011)及Bendix Commercial Vehicle, Systems LLC v. Haldex Brake Products Corp., 2010 WL 3324933, *3–*5 (N.D. Ohio 2010).

[16] LMT Mercer Group, Inc. v. Maine Ornamental, LLC, 2014 WL 284238, *12-*13 (D.N.J. 2014)

[17] Visto Corp. v. Sproqit Technologies, Inc., 413 F. Supp. 2d 1073 (N.D. Cal. 2006)

[18] 依Visto的6個考量因素決定不授予衡平中介權.2-Way Computing, Inc. v. Sprint Nextel Corp., 2014 WL 2960455, *5-*7 (D. Nev. 2014); ex parte reexam案,因被告已知該專利但未迴避設計,不授予衡平中介權. LMT Mercer Group, Inc. v. Maine Ornamental, LLC, 2014 WL 284238, *12-*13 (D.N.J. 2014); 因惡意侵權,不授予衡平中介權. ALPS SOUTH, LLC, a Florida Corporation, Plaintiff, v. THE OHIO WILLOW WOOD COMPANY, an Ohio Corporation, Defendant., 2013 WL 12164771, *2 (M.D. Fla. 2013); reexamination案,因被告未證明其投資額及善意,法院不授予衡平中介權. Univ. of Virginia Patent Foundation v. General Elec. Co., No. 3:08-cv-00025, 2011 WL 2117620, *6–*12 (W.D. Va. May 27, 2011); 被告從海外銷售有足夠獲利且惡意侵權,故未授予衡平中介權. Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, LLC, v. Haldex Brake Products Corp., 2011 WL 55969, *1– (N.D. Ohio 2011); 法院依Visto考量因素判斷,不應授權衡平中介權. Henrob Ltd. v. Bollhoff Systemtechnick GMBH & Co., 2009 WL 3188572, *16–*17 (E.D. Mich. 2009); Reissue僅是更正優先權,無請求項更正,無中介權. Lucent Technologies Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 2007 WL 925507 (S.D. Cal. 2007); Visto Corp. v. Sproqit Technologies, Inc., 413 F. Supp. 2d 1073 (N.D. Cal. 2006)

[19] Shockley, 248 F.3d at 1358, 58 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1697 (citing Westvaco Corp. v. International Paper Co., 991 F.2d 735, 743, 26 U.S.P.Q.2d 1353 (Fed. Cir. 1993))

[20] 35 U.S.C. 307(b)及316(b). “Section 307(b) governs intervening rights arising from ex parte reexamination and specifies that only “amended or new” claims incorporated into a patent during reexamination “will have the same effect as that specified in section 252,” i.e., will be susceptible to intervening rights.” Marine Polymer Technologies, Inc. v. HemCon, Inc., 672 F. 3d 1350, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

[21] 專利法第59條規範專利權效力不及於「回復專利權效力並經公告前,以善意實施或已完成必須之準備者。」

[22] NetAirus Technologies, LLC v. Apple, Inc., 2013 WL 3089061, *6 (C.D. Cal. 2013)

 

本文經 廣流智權事務所 授權轉載,原文於此
作者/盧建川 專利師
編輯/馬克斯 專利師
Image by Please, don’t sell my photos at commercial stock portals ! from Pixabay

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